How does the commander see?
The commander (Moduza procris) is a insect in the order not recorded. Its eyes belong to the vision type .
Measured in this species: motion (flicker fusion). One measured dial: a value other than colour or sharpness is measured in this species; colour and sharpness are not measured here. Every value below carries its evidence level and sources; nothing is typed by hand.
See your photo as the commanderThis species is part of the full catalogue in the tool (full unlock). Your photo stays on your device.
What stands out
- It has three colour receptor classes, like most people, but one of them sees ultraviolet.
- It stops seeing flicker at 199 Hz, against 60 Hz for people in this dataset, so fast motion looks about 3.3 times slower to it.[15][16]
The six dials
Evidence levels: how the tiers work. "Measured" means a value measured in this species; "Estimated" values come from a close relative or an eye-size formula.
| Dial | Value | Evidence | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| Colour | Colour receptors 3 receptor classes: 356.5 nm (UVS), 445 nm (SWS (blue)), 530 nm (MWS (green)) GROUP TEMPLATE (tier C, no measured relative in genus, family, order or class): median receptor set of 90 measured species in group Insecta (tidy-table major group) (3 classes): Adoxophyes orana, Aeshna cyanea, Aglais… | Group default | [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] |
| Ultraviolet yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet | Group default | ||
| Sharpness | No value in the catalogue. | ||
| Field of view | No value in the catalogue. | ||
| Sharp zones (foveas) | No value in the catalogue. | ||
| Night vision | Rods vs cones no rods (invertebrate photoreceptors) | Group default | |
| Motion (flicker fusion) | Flicker fusion frequency 199 Hz median of 1 rows (no bright-light flag) (behavioural/whole-eye ERG rows; all rows: [199.0]) | Measured | [14] |
Related animals
- Tuatara same vision type
- Common owl-moth same vision type
- Domestic chicken same vision type
- Horseshoe crab same vision type
- Australian lungfish same vision type
- Brine shrimp same vision type
More insects: all insects with measured vision data.
Sources
- Pirih P et al. 2022. Simple and complex, sexually dimorphic retinal mosaic of fritillary butterflies. Phil Trans R Soc B. Data: Dryad doi:10.5061/dryad.gmsbcc2p2. doi.org/10.5061/dryad.gmsbcc2p2
- Stöckl A, Kelber A 2019. Fuelling on the wing: sensory ecology of hawkmoth foraging. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. doi.org/10.1007/s00359-019-01328-2
- Kelber A, Vorobyev M, Osorio D. 2003. Animal colour vision - behavioural tests and physiological concepts. Biol Rev 78:81-118. doi.org/10.1017/S1464793102005985
- Longcore T. 2023. A compendium of photopigment peak sensitivities and visual spectral response curves of terrestrial wildlife to guide design of outdoor nighttime lighting. Basic Appl Ecol 73:40-50. doi:10.1016/j.baae.2023.09.002. doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8432720
- Lord NP, Plimpton RL, Sharkey CR, et al. 2016. A cure for the blues: opsin duplication and subfunctionalization for short-wavelength sensitivity in jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). BMC Evol Biol 16:107
- Kirwan J. luxR 0.1.1: Underwater Light Analysis and Visual Ecology (R-universe), data species_sensitivities. github.com/JohnKirwan/luxR
- Qian R, Theobald J, Frank T 2025. Praying mantises possess multiple spectral photoreceptor classes. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. doi.org/10.1007/s00359-025-01776-z
- Belušič G, Ilić M, Meglič A et al. 2021. Red-green opponency in the long visual fibre photoreceptors of brushfoot butterflies (Nymphalidae). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1560
- Pirih P, Ilić M, Meglič A et al. 2022. Opponent processing in the retinal mosaic of nymphalid butterflies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0275
- Pirih P et al. 2022. Opponent processing in the retinal mosaic of nymphalid butterflies. Phil Trans R Soc B. Data: Dryad doi:10.5061/dryad.9cnp5hqkq. doi.org/10.5061/dryad.9cnp5hqkq
- Porter ML et al. 2006 Table 1 (opsin accessions with lambda max; mostly cephalopod/arthropod) as extracted by VPOD. github.com/VisualPhysiologyDB/visual-physiology-opsin-db
- van der Kooi CJ, Stavenga DG, Arikawa K, Belusic G, Kelber A. 2021. Evolution of insect color vision: from spectral sensitivity to visual ecology. Annu Rev Entomol 66:435-461. Supplementary table. doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-061720-071644
- VPOD in-vivo (MSP / single-cell) lambda max compendium, file scp_cleaned.csv, VPOD GitHub (Frazer et al. 2025 bioRxiv 10.1101/2025.08.22.671864). github.com/VisualPhysiologyDB/visual-physiology-opsin-db/tree/main/scripts_n_notebooks/vpod_ML_workflows/mine_n_match/data_sources/lmax/vpod
- Haarlem CS, Hynes C, Jackson AL, Mitchell KJ, O'Connell RG, Healy K. 2026. Pace of ecology drives the tempo of visual perception across the animal kingdom. Nature Ecology & Evolution (doi:10.1038/s41559-026-02994-7). Figshare dataset 10.6084/m9.figshare.30556475. doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30556475
- Healy K, McNally L, Ruxton GD, Cooper N, Jackson AL. 2013. Metabolic rate and body size are linked with perception of temporal information. Animal Behaviour 86:685-696. Table 1. doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.06.018
- Inger R, Bennie J, Davies TW, Gaston KJ. 2014. Potential biological and ecological effects of flickering artificial light. PLoS ONE 9(5): e98631. Table 3. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098631
Every value cites its sources (all sources). Data: catalogue-v1, built 2026-09-29. Accuracy notes: how accurate is this?