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Mallard vision: the science and the numbers

Anas platyrhynchos · order Anseriformes · Birds: all the numbers

The mallard has four colour channels, including violet (417.5, 452, 501 and 570 nm).[1][2] Its sharpest vision resolves 11.9 cycles per degree, against 63.75 for people in this dataset.[6] Both eyes see the same 15° in front of it.[9][10]

See it on your photoBack to How does the mallard see?
  • 4colour receptor classesMeasured
  • 11.9cycles per degree (sharpness)Measured
  • 15°seen by both eyesMeasured

The mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is a bird in the order Anseriformes. Its eyes belong to the vision type Panoramic grain-eater and wader: four cone types, low to moderate sharpness and an almost all-round field of view. Measured in this species: colour, sharpness, field of view and night vision. Measured core: measured values on at least 3 of the 6 dials.

This is a simulation built from published eye measurements, not what the animal experiences.

Method: How we know what animals see (the See Like Animals vision engine) · Sources · Last updated . Every value below carries its evidence level and sources; nothing is typed by hand.

What the mallard sees: colour receptors

Mallard colour receptor peaks, 300 to 700 nmMallard: 4 receptor peaks at 417.5, 452, 501, 570 nm; you: 3 at 421.5, 532, 558.4 nm. ultraviolet300400500600700
Mallard: 417.5, 452, 501, 570 nmPeople: 421.5, 532, 558.4 nmWavelength in nanometres

What stands out

  • It has 4 colour receptor classes; people have 3.
  • Its sharpest vision resolves 11.9 cycles per degree: the finest stripe pattern it can tell apart from grey.
  • Both eyes see the same 15° in front of it (binocular overlap), where depth is judged best.
  • Activity pattern: cathemeral.

The six dials

Evidence levels: how the tiers work. "Measured" means a value measured in this species; "Estimated" values come from a close relative or an eye-size formula. The last column gives the values for people from the same catalogue.

Vision values for the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), catalogue-v1
DialValueEvidenceSourcesPeople
ColourColour receptors
4 receptor classes: 417.5 nm (VS/SWS (violet)), 452 nm (SWS (blue)), 501 nm (MWS (green)), 570 nm (LWS (long))
measured in this species
Measured[1][2]Colour receptors: 3 receptor classes: 421.5 nm (VS/SWS (violet)), 532 nm (MWS (green)), 558.4 nm (LWS (long)) Measured (not re-verified)[2][3][4][5]
SharpnessAcuity
11.9 cycles per degree
median of 1 anatomical-ganglion rows (method priority rule); eye_axial_length_mm: larval/juvenile rows (adult rows used) set aside (labelled alternative: 13.2)
Measured[6]Acuity: 63.75 cycles per degree Measured[7][8]
Field of viewBinocular overlap
15°
median of 2 rows (eyes-at-rest rows preferred)
Measured[9][10]Binocular overlap: 122.5° Measured[11][12]
Total field of view: 200° Measured (not re-verified)[13]
Blind area behind the head: 160° Derived[13]
Eye placement: frontal Derived[11][12]
Total field of view
306°
median total field (measured, or 360 - blind area) of relatives in family Anatidae: Mergus merganser
Estimated[14]
Blind area behind the head
54°		Estimated[14]
Eye placement
lateral
frontal if binocular overlap >= 60 deg, else lateral
Derived[9][10]
Sharp zones (foveas)Number of foveas
1
median of 1 relatives in family Anatidae: Branta canadensis
Estimated[15]Number of foveas: 1 Measured[16]
Fovea type: fovea Measured[16]
Fovea type
single central fovea (displaced dorso-temporally from retinal centre)		Estimated[15]
Night visionActivity pattern
cathemeral
mode of 9 rows (of 9 rows): cathemeral; diurnal; not_nocturnal
Measured (not re-verified)[17][18][19][20][21][2][22][23]Activity pattern: diurnal Measured (not re-verified)[17][24][25][2][26][27][28][23]
Pupil shape: vertical Group default[29][30]
Reflective layer (tapetum): no Measured[31]
Rods vs cones: cone-dominated Derived[17][24][25][2][26][27][28][23]
Rods vs cones
mixed
nocturnal -> rod-dominated; crepuscular / cathemeral / mixed -> mixed; diurnal -> cone-dominated
Derived[17][18][19][20][21][2][22][23]
Motion (flicker fusion)Flicker fusion frequency
88.5 Hz
median of 17 relatives in class Aves: Bubo virginianus, Melopsittacus undulatus, Passer domesticus, Taeniopygia guttata, Columba livia, Calypte anna
Group default[32][33][34][35][36]Flicker fusion frequency: 60 Hz Measured[34][35]

All birds side by side: Birds: every measurement. Method: how we know what animals see.

Sources

  1. Lind et al. 2014
  2. Longcore 2023
  3. Kirwan
  4. Müller et al. 2009
  5. Thermal Activation and Photoactivation of Visual… 2004
  6. Caves et al. 2018
  7. Kirk et al. 2004
  8. Veilleux et al. 2014
  9. Cantlay et al. 2023
  10. Tyrrell et al. 2017
  11. Heesy 2004
  12. Heffner et al. 1992
  13. Campbell & Green 1965
  14. Pecsics et al. 2023
  15. Moore et al. 2017
  16. Kopania et al. 2025
  17. Anderson et al. 2017
  18. Angielczyk et al. 2014
  19. Light conditions and the evolution of…
  20. Choiniere et al. 2021
  21. Wilman et al. 2014
  22. Schmitz et al. 2011
  23. Moura et al. 2024
  24. Borges et al. 2018
  25. Wilman et al. 2014
  26. Maor et al. 2017
  27. Jones et al. 2009
  28. Schmitz et al. 2011
  29. Banks et al. 2015
  30. Cervino et al. 2021
  31. Guareschi et al. 2025
  32. Boström et al. 2016
  33. Haarlem et al. 2026
  34. Healy et al. 2013
  35. Inger et al. 2014
  36. Lafitte et al. 2022

Every value cites its sources (all sources). Values were extracted from these works and converted (units, medians, derived values); changes are ours, and the listed sources do not endorse this site. Data: catalogue-v1, built 2026-09-29. Accuracy notes: how accurate is this? Method: how we know.