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Red-tailed hawk vision: the science and the numbers

Buteo jamaicensis · order Accipitriformes · Birds: all the numbers

Their sharpest vision resolves 16.8 cycles per degree, against 63.75 for people in this dataset.[6] Their eyes cover about 278° with 25.5° seen by both eyes.[9]

See it on your photoBack to How do red-tailed hawks see?
  • 16.8cycles per degree (sharpness)Measured
  • 278°field of viewEstimated

The red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) is a bird in the order Accipitriformes. Its eyes belong to the vision type Raptor telephoto: four cone types, two foveas and very high sharpness. Measured in this species: sharpness, field of view, foveas and night vision. Measured core: measured values on at least 3 of the 6 dials.

This is a simulation built from published eye measurements, not what the animal experiences.

Method: How we know what animals see (the See Like Animals vision engine) · Sources · Last updated . Every value below carries its evidence level and sources; nothing is typed by hand.

What red-tailed hawks see: colour receptors

Red-tailed hawk colour receptor peaks, 300 to 700 nmRed-tailed hawk: 4 receptor peaks at 405, 449, 504, 567 nm; you: 3 at 421.5, 532, 558.4 nm. ultraviolet300400500600700
Red-tailed hawk: 405, 449, 504, 567 nmPeople: 421.5, 532, 558.4 nmWavelength in nanometres

What stands out

  • Its sharpest vision resolves 16.8 cycles per degree: the finest stripe pattern it can tell apart from grey.
  • Its eyes cover about 278° around the head, with 25.5° seen by both eyes at once.
  • Activity pattern: diurnal.

The six dials

Evidence levels: how the tiers work. "Measured" means a value measured in this species; "Estimated" values come from a close relative or an eye-size formula. The last column gives the values for people from the same catalogue.

Vision values for the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), catalogue-v1
DialValueEvidenceSourcesPeople
ColourColour receptors
4 receptor classes: 405 nm (VS/SWS (violet)), 449 nm (SWS (blue)), 504 nm (MWS (green)), 567 nm (LWS (long))
receptor set of nearest measured relative Buteo buteo (same genus Buteo)
Estimated[1][2]Colour receptors: 3 receptor classes: 421.5 nm (VS/SWS (violet)), 532 nm (MWS (green)), 558.4 nm (LWS (long)) Measured (not re-verified)[2][3][4][5]
SharpnessAcuity
16.8 cycles per degree
median of 1 behavioural rows (method priority rule)
Measured[6]Acuity: 63.75 cycles per degree Measured[7][8]
Field of viewBinocular overlap
25.5°
median of 2 rows (eyes-at-rest rows preferred)
Measured[9][10]Binocular overlap: 122.5° Measured[11][12]
Total field of view: 200° Measured (not re-verified)[13]
Blind area behind the head: 160° Derived[13]
Eye placement: frontal Derived[11][12]
Total field of view
278°
rule: total = 360 - blind area
Derived[9]
Blind area behind the head
82°		Measured[9]
Eye placement
lateral
frontal if binocular overlap >= 60 deg, else lateral
Derived[9][10]
Sharp zones (foveas)Number of foveas
2
species-v1.csv text: 2 (central deep + temporal shallow)
Measured (not re-verified)[14]Number of foveas: 1 Measured[15]
Fovea type: fovea Measured[15]
Fovea type
central fovea, temporal		Measured (not re-verified)[14]
Night visionActivity pattern
diurnal
mode of 7 rows (of 7 rows): diurnal; not_nocturnal
Measured (not re-verified)[16][17][18][19][2][20][21]Activity pattern: diurnal Measured (not re-verified)[22][23][24][2][25][26][27][21]
Pupil shape: vertical Group default[28][29]
Reflective layer (tapetum): no Measured[30]
Rods vs cones: cone-dominated Derived[22][23][24][2][25][26][27][21]
Rods vs cones
cone-dominated
nocturnal -> rod-dominated; crepuscular / cathemeral / mixed -> mixed; diurnal -> cone-dominated
Derived[16][17][18][19][2][20][21]
Motion (flicker fusion)Flicker fusion frequency
77.7 Hz
median of 1 relatives in family Accipitridae: Parabuteo unicinctus
Estimated[31]Flicker fusion frequency: 60 Hz Measured[32][33]

All birds side by side: Birds: every measurement. Method: how we know what animals see.

Sources

  1. Lind et al. 2014
  2. Longcore 2023
  3. Kirwan
  4. Müller et al. 2009
  5. Thermal Activation and Photoactivation of Visual… 2004
  6. Caves et al. 2018
  7. Kirk et al. 2004
  8. Veilleux et al. 2014
  9. Tyrrell et al. 2017
  10. Tyrrell et al. 2017
  11. Heesy 2004
  12. Heffner et al. 1992
  13. Campbell & Green 1965
  14. Potier et al. 2017
  15. Kopania et al. 2025
  16. Angielczyk et al. 2014
  17. Light conditions and the evolution of…
  18. Choiniere et al. 2021
  19. Wilman et al. 2014
  20. Schmitz et al. 2011
  21. Moura et al. 2024
  22. Anderson et al. 2017
  23. Borges et al. 2018
  24. Wilman et al. 2014
  25. Maor et al. 2017
  26. Jones et al. 2009
  27. Schmitz et al. 2011
  28. Banks et al. 2015
  29. Cervino et al. 2021
  30. Guareschi et al. 2025
  31. Lafitte et al. 2022
  32. Healy et al. 2013
  33. Inger et al. 2014

Every value cites its sources (all sources). Values were extracted from these works and converted (units, medians, derived values); changes are ours, and the listed sources do not endorse this site. Data: catalogue-v1, built 2026-09-29. Accuracy notes: how accurate is this? Method: how we know.